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New Testament
Leviticus 11:1-23
Instructions About Clean and Unclean Meat
111The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron and told them 2to tell the Israelites these things.
These are the animals that you may eat:
Of all the mammals on land, 3you may eat any that have hoofs with splits in the hoofs and that rechew their food.[] 4But you are not to eat the following, which only rechew their food or only have hoofs: The camel, although it rechews its food, has no hoofs. It is unclean for you. 5Do not eat the rock badger, for although it rechews its food, it has no hoofs. It is unclean for you. 6Do not eat the hare, for although it rechews its food, it has no hoofs. It is unclean for you. 7Do not eat the pig, for although it has hoofs with splits in the hoofs, it does not rechew its food. It is unclean to you. 8You shall not eat any of their meat or touch their carcasses. They are unclean for you.[]
9These are the creatures that you may eat from all those that live in water: You may eat anything from the water that has fins and scales, whether from the seas or the streams. 10But everything else in the seas or in the streams that does not have fins and scales, every swarming creature in the water and every other living creature in the water, is detestable to you 11and shall remain detestable to you. You shall not eat any of their meat, and you shall detest their carcasses. 12Every creature in the water that does not have fins or scales is detestable to you.
13You shall detest the following among the birds. They shall not be eaten. These are detestable: the eagle, the black vulture, the bearded vulture, 14the red kite and black kites of every kind, 15ravens and crows of every kind, 16the eagle owl, the short-eared owl, the long-eared owl, all species of hawks, 17the tawny owl, the fisher owl, the screech owl, 18the white owl, and the scops owl, the osprey, 19the stork and all species of herons, the hoopoe, and the bat.[]
20All winged swarming insects that walk on all fours[] are detestable for you. 21But among all the winged swarming insects that walk on all fours you may eat those that have jointed legs above their feet, with which they leap off the ground. 22Of them you may eat the following: all species of locusts, all species of bald locusts, all species of crickets, and all species of grasshoppers. 23But all other winged swarming insects that have four feet are detestable for you.
Footnotes
- 11:3 Or bring up the cud. The Hebrew term refers to animals that rechew their food a second time after swallowing it and then regurgitating it or excreting it. This list is not limited to true ruminants.
- 11:8 Clean and unclean refer to ceremonial purity, not to hygiene.
- 11:19 The precise identity of some of the birds is uncertain. The list is really a list of creatures that fly since it includes the bat.
- 11:20 The meaning is that they walk or crawl rather than hop. The issue is not the number of legs but the manner of locomotion.